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9.23.99 00:16:19
The patent that failed its invention Second of two parts IN 1993, Seattle entrepreneur Bill Hones ran across a 10-year-old U.S. patent describing a device for levitating a spinning permanent magnet. Hones contacted Roy Harrigan, the inventor, to ask about it. Harrigan assured him that the magnet really does levitate. To prove it, he sent Hones a videotape showing an actual working model. But Hones, who had been trying for six years to levitate magnets, was skeptical. He thought there might be hidden strings or wires holding up the spinning magnetic top. So in September 1993, Hones traveled to Vermont to see for himself. He quickly became a believer, and he spent two days with Harrigan learning about levitation, and hearing about some of Harrigan's other inventions. There is little room for doubt about what happened during those two days because Harrigan,having been burned in prior dealings with developers, videotaped their meetings. Today, in the light of subsequent events, that videotape is a remarkabledocument. On the tape, Hones says that, after years of unsuccessful efforts,only now -- thanks to Harrigan -- does he realize that a magnet might levitate if it is spinning. For a long time, Hones practices the technique under Harrigan's guidance until he finally gets the magnet to levitate. Then he talks enthusiastically about a partnership with Harrigan to produce and market the invention. He offers Harrigan 5 percent royalties -- probably a fair offer. And he says that Harrigan's patent number 4,382,245 and a write-up about Harrigan will appear on every package. But Hones was unable -- or unwilling -- to make even a $1,000 downpayment, and Harrigan declined to sign a contract. Before leaving, Hones pressed Harrigan to lend him the prototype for further study. With the camcorder stillrunning, Harrigan's working model was packed in a box for Hones to take back to Seattle. Hones assured Harrigan that "you don't have to worry about somebody disappearing in the night with it." In the following months, Bill's father, Ed Hones, used computers at the Los Alamos National Laboratory to study the prototype. Then, he and Bill Honesmade some minor changes in the design and got a patent in their own names. They entered into an agreement with a manufacturer in China to produce the "Levitron," and they marketed it as their own invention. Bill and Ed Hones sold as many as half a million of these levitation devices, giving Harrigan neither a penny in royalties nor a word of recognition! In radio, TV and print interviews Bill Hones has told the audience -- or let someone else tell the audience -- that only after many years of failure did he discover the secret of spinning a magnet to levitate it. In New Mexico, Mike and Karen Sherlock had established a business marketing "Levitrons." And they were producing an instructional video, featuring Bill Hones, to help their customers learn how to work the toy. During the taping in January 1996, Hones looked into the camcorder and declared "I am the inventor of the Levitron." He seemed to have come to believe his own fantasies. It is a shock to watch videotapes of Hones's performances in 1996 in comparisonwith the videotapes of his 1993 visit with Harrigan. Later, when the Sherlocks learned what had happened to Roy Harrigan, they were dismayed; and in August 1997, after confirming the story, they stopped selling the levitation device and explained why on their "levitron.com" Web site. Bill and Ed Hones responded with a lawsuit charging the Sherlocks withdefamation and trademark infringement, and seeking to shut down the Web site. In April 1999, seeing how absurd their case was, Bill and Ed Hones withdrew the defamation complaint, leaving only the trademark-infringement charge. Despite abundant evidence that the term "levitron" was being broadly used generically, a federal judge ruled in July that the Sherlocks had to turn over their "levitron.com" Web site address to Hones. (The Sherlocks will soon re-posttheir story at another Web address.) The Sherlocks want to continue marketing levitation devices, but they don't want to continue helping Bill and Ed Hones profit from the discovery. So, for two years, while defending themselves against the lawsuit, the Sherlockstried to enter into a licensing agreement to produce and sell Roy Harrigan's invention. But Harrigan distrusted virtually everyone, including his own hard-working lawyer. So no agreement was reached. But there will be new levitation devices on the market. It turns out that in 1984 an inventor in Delaware named Joseph Chieffo, who knew nothing of Roy Harrigan at the time, made the same remarkable discovery -- namely, it is possible to levitate a permanent magnet by spinning it. Chieffo tried unsuccessfully to interest manufacturers in his invention.Then, in December 1988, he placed small classified ads in Popular Science andPopular Mechanics offering plans and parts to achieve "genuine free flight with ordinary magnets." The instruction booklet was only $5 postpaid, but the response was so poor that Chieffo soon canceled his ads. Just a handful of people had became aware of Chieffo's invention. So today, having failed to make a deal with Harrigan, the Sherlocks are collaborating with Chieffo to produce alternatives to the Hones's product, which they intend to market in May 2000, when Harrigan's patent expires. Afterhearing this story, people wonder why Harrigan's patent didn't protect Harrigan's rights. The answer is a lesson for all patent holders: A patent only protects its owner as long as the owner enforces it. Harrigan is a creative and ingenious inventor, but he is hopeless at pursuing business or legal problems. And he now distrusts anyone who tries to helphim. A further reason that Harrigan failed to market his levitation device after 1983 was his preoccupation with another invention -- a simple instrument about the size of a telephone handset for resuscitating victims of cardiac arrest. Harrigan keeps one of these nearby at all times, and wears it in a holsteron his belt when he leaves the house. But that is a story for another article. Rod Driver, an occasional contributor, is a professor of mathematics at theUniversity of Rhode Island and a former state representative. Copyright© 1999 The Providence Journal Company |