Title: GENESIS OF THE UNIVERSE AND ZERO POINT ENERGY Author: FRANK ZNIDARSIC Electrical Engineer with the Pennsylvania Electric Co. Johnstown Pa. Comments: ASCII *.TXT, 5 PAGES, Texted on DOS editor submitted to the Canadian Journal of Physics July 94, Resubmitted Jan 95 Report_no: Special Energy Prog. \\ ABSTRACT The idea that something can be created from nothing has always been considered to be impossible. This manuscript presents a historical account on the subject of creation. Recently, it has been shown that the gravitational field contains negative energy. Contemporary ideas on the subject of creation demonstrate the existence of a link between the energy in matter, zero point energy, and the negative gravitational potential of the universe. These new ideas are explored. Finally experiments, which seem to be creating energy, are examined. \\ INTRODUCTION Since antiquity the genesis of the universe has been a subject of thought, study, and speculation by the greatest minds in philosophy and science. The original ideas on genesis were developed by philosophers. Some of the original philosophers were Greek. It became apparent to the Greeks that all things came from other things. The great Greek philosopher Plato (427-347 BC) described this with his idea of forms. According to Plato the form was the property that made a thing what it was. Aristotle (384-322 BC) developed the idea of forms and concluded that each form was composed of a substance. The form of a substance could be changed but the substance itself was eternal. The question then was where did the original substance come from? The conclusion that the ancient Greeks drew was that a prime mover created the original substance. This prime mover was God. The Greek Empedocles defined what the fundamental substances of the original creation were. To him the fundamental substances were earth, air, fire, and water. Later the Greek Democritus redefined these original substances as atoms. According to Democritus these atoms were produced in the original creation and were eternal. In the Middle Ages the greatest thinkers on the subject of creation were theologians. One of these theologians was St. Augustine (354-430 AD). It became apparent to St. Augustine, like it did to the Greeks, that all things came from other things. If the material substance of the universe had not been created then this substance must have always been. If the substance of the universe has always been then time had no beginning. Every event is precipitated by a prior event. Without a first event everything that could have happened should have happened in the infinite past. For current time to have meaning there must have been a first event or moment of creation. St. Augustine used a Latin word to describe this creation process called exhihilo. This word means to create something out of nothing. St. Augustine concluded that an infinite source or prime mover created the universe exhihilo. This concept was developed to an apex by St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274). He came up with a line of reasoning in his arguments from design. These arguments were based on the idea that the substance of the universe required a divine origin. PROPOSED THEORY Today scientists are studying the problem of creation. Science does not address the question of who created the universe. Scientists have rules that they work by called conservation laws. Some of these conservation laws are the conservation of momentum, energy, and charge. Science addresses the question of how the universe formed within the framework of possibilities allowed by these laws. According to current theory and experimental evidence these conservation laws always hold true. In more precise language, they are invariant with respect to time and location. The scientific principle of the conservation of energy simply restates the old idea that something cannot come from nothing. According to the accepted theory of the big bang the universe sprang from nothing 15 billion years ago. In 1973 the great contemporary scientific thinker Edward P. Tryon demonstrated how the universe could have formed without violating the principle of the conservation of energy. He said that the total energy of the universe is zero. 1 He said that the positive energy of the things we observe is balanced by a negative gravitational energy. Therefore the creation was formed without violating the principle of the conservation of energy. Let's explore his idea. When something falls it loses gravitational potential energy. The relationship between potential energy and position, in a force field, is given by equation #1. (NOTE: In case your mailer does not line the text up like mine does the following equations are only simple integrals.) / | -> -> /\ PE = W = - | F . dr Eq #1 g | g / According to Tryon's theory if an object were to fall into the universe from an infinite distance away the gravitational potential energy the object lost would equal the total mass energy of the object. This is stated mathematically in equation #2: / rad of univ 2 | -> -> mc = - | F . dr Eq #2 | g /infinity Assuming that the universe is spherical with an isotopic mass distribution, the amount of gravitational potential an object will lose upon falling to the edge of such a universe is given by equation #3. / rad of univ 2 | 2 mc = -(G)(M)(m) | (1/r ) dr | /infinity Given a radius of the universe is 15 billion light years 26 (1.42x10 meters) and the known gravitational constant G, the mass of the universe may be determined. 53 M = 1.91 x 10 KG If this is the mass of the universe then the total energy of the universe is zero. To check this result the mass of the universe was calculated from its density and volume. The universe was considered to be a sphere. This sphere has a radius of 15 billion light years and is filled with matter of the same density as the density of space in our galactic neighborhood. This "local" density is equivalent to one proton of ordinary matter and nine protons of "dark" matter per cubic meter. 3 Given that the volume of a sphere with a radius of 15 79 3 billion light years = 1.2 x 10 M Please note that at one proton mass per cubic meter this is also the number of protons in the universe. The mass of the universe was derived from its volume and density in equation #4. 3 3 M = ((1 proton/m )+(9 proton masses dark matter/m ))(vol) Eq#4 The mass of the universe according to this second argument is: 53 M = 2.00 x 10 KG Amazingly the resultant masses agree even though they were determined by two entirely different methods. This agreement indicates that the universe has a total energy of zero and that it formed without violating the principle of the conservation of energy. There is something very profound in what Edward Tryon said. CONCLUSION New scientific arguments have shown how something can be created out of nothing. These arguments have tremendous philosophical implications. If we now understand the creation process, can we now create something out of nothing? Inventors have been trying to do this for many years. In fact, the patent offices currently reject all applications for patents on such perpetual motion machines. If a gravity producing machine could be built, however, it would produce positive energy in an amount equal to the negative gravitational potential of the induced field. As of late several scientists have appear to have created something (energy) from nothing. 4 Among the most advanced is Dr. Puthoff at the Center for Advanced Study in Austin Texas USA and Dr. McKurbe under a contract with the Unites States Electric Power Research Institute. 5 Puthoff, in particular, is attempting to extract the zero point energy of matter. According to this author's theories, the theories of Hal Puthoff, and 6 7 the theories of Andrei Sakharov , the the zero point energy of matter is 8 intimately linked to its gravitational field. If the zero point energy of matter is extracted a gravitational field will be produced. This gravitational field will reach out and retard the expansion of the universe. Some of the kinetic energy of the expansion of the universe will eventually be absorbed by this induced gravitational field. This energy will be locally available for use. We will have to wait and see to comes from these latest ideas. If man finally creates substance from nothingness he will have ventured into a realm that was, since antiquity, reserved for God. The world and its ideas will then surely change. NOTES 1. Edward P. Tryon, NATURE VOL 246, December 14, 1973. 2. Technically, nothing can exist outside of the universe. The universe is a closed structure in which, according to the cosmological principle, all positions are equivalent. The model presented in this paper, in which an object falls from an infinite distance away to the edge of the universe, does not represent reality. The model does, however, allow for the calculation of the negative gravitational potential shared by all objects within the universe. 3. Fritz Zwicky proposed that 90% of the matter in the universe is "dark" in 1933. He came to this conclusion from the study of clusters of galaxies. Vera Rubin confirmed that 90% of the universe's matter is composed of the so called "dark matter" from her study of the rotational speeds of galaxies in 1977. 4. A ball lightning experiment in Japan appeared to produce excess energy. Y.H. Ohtsuki & H. Ofuruton, NATURE VOL 246, March 14, 1991 5. Dr. McKurbe's cold fusion experiments at SRI in the USA continue to produce unexplained excess energy. Jerry E. Bishop, The WALL STREET JOURNAL 7/14/94. 6. Frank Znidarsic, ELEMENTARY A. GRAVITY Adventures Unlimited Kempton Il. USA, 1989 7. Working with artificial ball lightning. Hal Puthoff, PHYSICAL REVIEW A, March 1989 Hal Puthoff, D.C. Cole, PHYSICAL REVIEW E, August 1993. Hal Puthoff, OMNI, "Squeezing Energy From a Vacuum" 2/91 8. Andrei Sakharov SOVIET PHYSICS DACKLADI Vol 12, May 1968, Page 1040. // END OF PAPER