CHAPTER 11 THE ZERO POINT INTERACTION Frank Znidarsic PE fznidarsic@aol.com ................................................................... HISTORY AND DISCOVERY PG 2 In the mid 1970s Ray Frank (the owner and president of the Apparatus Engineering Company my former employer) assigned me the task of building a ground monitoring relay. In an effort to complete this assignment, I began to experiment with coils, current transformers, and magnetic amplifiers. I succeeded in developing the device. We sold many hundreds of them to many mining companies. After work, I applied the knowledge that I gained, at my day job, to the design of an electronic levitational device. To my dismay I discovered that no combination of electrical coils would induce a gravitational field. In the mid 1990's a friend, Tom C. Frank, gave me the book, "THE QUEST FOR ABSOLUTE ZERO" by Kurt Mendelssohn. In his book Mendelssohn disclosed that the relationship between the forces changed at cryogenic temperatures. This was the clue that I needed. Things began to come together. In 1989 I wrote my first book on the subject, "Elementary Antigravity". (1) This book caught the eye of Ronald Madison a far sighted manager at the Pennsylvania Electric Company (my current employer). In 1991, Ron persuaded me to go to Texas and visit with Dr. Harold Puthoff. Puthoff's work is based on the ideas of Andrei Sakharov. My work is based of the work of Kurt Mendelssohn. It is truly astounding that Puthoff and I, each following separate paths, had independently arrived at the same conclusions. Pg 3 Prior to meeting Puthoff, I knew of a cryogenic relationship between the forces of electromagnetism and gravity. Puthoff explained that the link that I had discovered was the zero point interaction. I have since discovered that similar zero point interactions occur in non-cryogenic systems. The zero point interaction is exhibited by all electrons with energies lower than the Fermi level in an atom and by all waves with lengths longer than the wavelength of evanescence in a plasma. The remainder of this chapter is essentially a reprint of chapter 10 of my first book "Elementary Antigravity". In this reprint the relationship between the forces in a cryogenic system will be explored. The study of cryogenics is very instructive. A better understanding of the zero point interaction can be gained through the study of cryogenic phenomena. INTRODUCTION It is well known that superconductors offer no resistance to electrical currents. Less well known, but even more amazing, are the low temperature superfluids. These fluids flow without friction. Once set into motion, they never slow down. Quantum interactions are limited to atomic distances in normal substances. In superconductors and superfluids quantum interactions are observed on a macroscopic scale. The normal interaction of the magnetic and electric field is very different in a superconductor. In normal conductors dynamic changing fields are required to induce other fields. In superconductors static fields can also induce other fields. The sum of these phenomena indicate that something unique is taking place. Pg 4 A new look at the sum of these effects will lead to a deeper understanding of the zero point interaction. THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD The relationship between the electric and the magnetic field has been known for many years. A very important, but often overlooked, aspect of this relationship is the independence of the two fields. The fact that a static magnetic and static electric fields can exist alone independently of each other is a very important property of the fields. For example, a capacitor can have a static electric field while not possessing a magnetic field. Likewise a bar magnet can have a static magnetic field while not possessing a net electrical charge. Pick Icon 11-1. -------------- _______________ | | | \ | / "R" | \ | | -------------- --------------- SUPERCONDUCTIVE RESISTIVE TWO CIRCUITS Icon 11-1 shows a resistive and a superconductive circuit. In the resistive circuit the electric field is isolated from the current flow by resistor "R". For example, if resistor "R" has an infinite resistance no current will flow and no magnetic field will be produced. In a resistive circuit the electric and the magnetic fields have a life of their own. In the superconductive circuit the resistor, "R" no longer exists. The electric field is dependent on the changing magnetic field "F". The strength of the electric field varies directly with the strength of a changing magnetic field. In a superconductor, the electric and magnetic fields are always coupled together. They do not have separate existences. Pg 5 To confirm the nature of the coupling the result of an experiment done by W. Meissner in 1933 will be reviewed. In this experiment, a ordinary loop of wire is inserted into a magnetic field. Pick Icon 11-1. Icon 11-1 shows a coil that was moved from position "A", outside of a magnetic field, to position "B", inside of a magnetic field. ------- -------- | | + | + + + |+ + | | + | + + + |+ + | | + | + + + |+ + ------- -------- "A" OUTSIDE MAG FIELD "B" INSIDE OF MAG FIELD As expected a loop current is induced in the loop as it cuts the lines of flux. This loop current dies down in time. This time period (t) is determined by the intrinsic inductance (L) and resistance (R) of the loop. tR/L Current final = (Current initial)/(2.73) Eq #1 The first loop of ordinary wire is removed and a superconductive loop is now inserted into the magnetic field. Icon 11-1 again depicts the loop being moved from position "A" to position "B". As expected, the loop current persists undiminished after the loop comes to rest at position "B". This undiminished current is represented by Equation #2. Current final = Current initial Eq #2 The first experiment is repeated and a non-superconducting loop of wire is inserted into the magnetic field. The current is again allowed to die down (per Equation #1). After the current drops to a value of zero, the stationary loop (loops remains in position "B") is cooled until it becomes superconductive. What happens? Pg 6 Equation #2 predicts that the current should remain fixed at zero. Astonishingly, the loop current reappears. 2 In a superconductor a steady state magnetic field is in all cases symmetrically balanced by a steady current. Symmetry is restored to the laws of electromagnetic induction. The element of time is not a factor in the cryogenic electromagnetic relationship. The independence of the electric and the magnetic fields is lost at cryogenic temperatures. The electric and magnetic fields merge together and act as a singel unified force. THE NUCLEAR FORCES All forces, within a zero point system, should display the same general tendency to merge. Pick Icon 11-2 Nuclear Magentic Electric Gravity . | | . / room | \ . \ / . / temp | \ . \ / . / | \ . \ / . / | \ . | . / | \. | . / | .\ / abs' | . / . zero |________________________________________________ |limit of induction| short - - - - - - RANGE - - - - - - - - - - long THE ZERO POINT INTERACTION The quantum forces normally have a very short range of interaction. This range is confined to atomic dimensions. Quantum interactions are observed on a macroscopic scale in superconductors and superfluids. Superconductors only accept currents that are integer multiples of one another. Superfluid helium will spin in a small cup only at certain rotational speeds. These low temperature phenomena vividly demonstrate that the range of the quantum interaction has increased to macroscopic dimensions. This effect can clearly be interpreted as a tendency to merge. Pg 7 GRAVITY Gravity must exhibit the same general tendencies. The length of the gravitational interaction must decrease in a superconductor or superfluid by the same order of magnitude that the length of the quantum interaction has increased. No induced gravitational field, however, has ever been detected emanating from a superfluid or superconductor. Considering the mass to energy ratio and then the ratio of mass to gravity, this is no wonder. The universal gravitational potential is conserved in all mass energy interactions. Any detectable induced gravitational field can only be the result of a tremendous energy flow. Energy flow rates of the required magnitude will never be experimentally produced. This author's model predicts that the length of the near field gravitational interaction will increase at cryogenic temperatures. Pick Icon 2-3. --------------- | \ | | \ | | / | | / | --------------- |------K -------| Photon in a box model of matter 2 Icon 2-3 shows that the far "1/r " gravitational field results from the superposition of two "1/r" fields. At distances less that the length of the containment "K" the "1/r" field predominates. "K" represents the length of a wavefunction. In ordinary matter the wavefunctions extend to a maximum of about one atomic diameter. Superconductors have very long wavefunctions. A superconductive wavefunction extends along the entire length of the superconductor. The near gravitational field of a superconductor can extend for meters. In my attempts to construct an antigravitational levitational device. I applied pressure to a superconductor in an attempt to exploit this effect. Pg 8 I found that the near gravitational field of a superconductor was too weak to be detected, let alone be utilized. In a superconductor the length of the wavefunction "K" is the distance at which the gravitational, the quantum, and the electromagnetic fields interact directly with one another. This is the interaction that zero point energy advocates are attempting to exploit. An experiment was done at Oxford that can be interpreted to indicate that a far gravitational field has been induced. In this experiment, an apparatus was constructed which allowed superfluid liquid helium to flow through a set of narrow channels from a high to a lower level. It was found that the temperature of the fluid, after passing through the narrow channels, spontaneously decreased. (2) Ther effect of this cooling is know as the "mechano caloric effect". ----- |- - -| Helium | | ||||||| Narrow channels | | | | \ / | | Dewar vessel Fluid flow down Heat flow up Hot had flowed to cold. The entropy of the out flowing fluid had decreased. The second law of thermodynamics declares that entropy cannot spontaneously decrease. Hot cannot flow to cold. Present theory tries to account for this abnormal behavior by stating that liquid helium is a mixture of two fluids each with a different entropy. These two fluids are separated upon passing through a small orifice. This is know as the "two-fluid model". The two fluid model is flawed in that it is impossible to have two fluids made of a group of indistinguishable atoms. Any theory requiring the separation to two fluids at an orifice is not valid after all of the fluid has passed through the orifice. Pg 9 A correct accounting of the missing entropy can be had by taking into account the gravitational interaction. The decrease of the entropy of the out flowing fluid is balanced by the induction of a antigravitational field. This field produces an irreversible expansion of the universe. Superfluid helium tends to rise up into small tubes and to climb up the upon the walls of a containment. When climbing, the fluid exerts a negative pressure upon the walls of its containment. A model was developed in chapter 10 of this text. This model is based upon a relationship between force, gravity, and entropy. According to the model the direction of the force exerted upon the walls of a contaiment determines the direction in which entropy will flow. Entropy can decrease in systems capable of exerting a negative pressure. Cryogenic zero point fluids can exert a negative pressure. The entropy of a zero point system can decrease. CONCLUSION Faraday expected that a continuous magnetic field would impose a continuous electric current. His experiments demonstrated that only changing electromagnetic fields induce other fields. If Faraday had done cryogenic experiments he would had discovered that his original hypothesis was correct and that magnetic fields do impose continuous electrical currents. In chapter 3 of this text it was demonstrated, on the basis of the conservation of momentum, that changing fields must induce other fields. The relationship between the forces changes in a zero point system. The altered relationship permits genesis to occur. An understanding of the gravity has been delayed for many years by improper thought. In fact, the technology needed to exploit the zero point relationship has been around for many years. The induction of a gravitational field at low temperatures was demonstrated in the 1930's, however, this author is the first to correctly identify the result. Now that gravity is understood on a theoretical basis antigravitational technology can be developed. This development will be of great economic and social importance. 3 Pg 10 NOTES 1. "Elemenatry Antigravity" 1989 ISBN: 0-533-08334-6 2. K. Mendelssohn. THE QUEST FOR ABSOLUTE ZERO McGraw-Hill, New York, 1966 3. This author applied for a patent on an energy device based on these ideas. Serial # 06/824,530 Filing Date: 01/31/86 Examiner Rebsch, D. Art Unit 212 The application was rejected due to the preliminary state of the ideas. // I hope you have enjoyed the material. There is much more material along with much better graphics on my disk. Comments appreciated. Frank Znidarsic PE fznidarsic@aol.com